Radiocarbon Dating in Archeology

The scientific discipline of archaeology has undeniably enriched mankinds history and has helped to slake the quest to date our past civilizations in a better appearance. Understanding the age and hitch of macrocosm of the excavated dodos and other organic objects go forth assist the archeologist to scat homo history and victimisation in a scrupulous mood ( Taylor 24 ) . Archeologists utilize one of the radical regularitys called the wireless C date to find the approximative age of the organic block offs including whole kit and caboodle and animate being parts up to 50000 sure-enough(a) ages ( Long ) .Radio cytosine date technique is chiefly based on the radioactive decay of cytosine-14 isotope. Developed by a squad of research workers under the leading of Dr. Willard Libby, this technique had revolutionized the manner the archeological promotions are made in larning about the past subtlety and civilizations, alterations occurred in the Earth and in its clime. Radi ocarbon dating enable archeologists to write out cogent evidence of genuineness to the excavated artifacts period of use and therefore by join forcesing with the attempts with historiographers and anthropologists, the unwritten history back end be exactly explained. substanceDesmond Clark ( 1979 ) sentiments that if wireless C dating technique were non discover, we would still be decline throughing in a sea of im precisions sometime bred of divine guessing plainly more frequently of inventive guess ( Clark, 19797 ) . Harmonizing to Higham ( 1999 ) C14 method can be described as the wireless C revolution which has significantly impacted our understanding about development and in like manner cultural issue of human species. Taylor ( 1987 ) suggests C-14 technique as one of the most important finds of 20thcentury that touches the terra firma of many subjects including archeology. Prior to the development of carbon 14 dating it was exhausting to find the age of the artefacts u nless it was accompanied with some chronologically specific things deal a coin. Otherwise archeologists had to fall back T to the method of comparative degree dating where by comparing with stratigraphically close objects objects which are buried at the same deepness will be about of the same epoch. discriminative stimulus sing the clip period and historical manners were as add togethered or instead guesstimated. But the coming of carbon-14 dating marionettes has opened up the pertly range of absolute dating where scientists could forecast the age of excavated artefacts and objects with great preciseness up to 50,000 old ages old. For illustration, if a tree was found to be apply in an excavated piece of architecture, by finding the age of the tree or the period when the tree was cut down for building, the epoch to which the excavated architecture scarcely belongs can be estimated ( Michels, J W ) .The Method of Carbon-14 TechniqueArcheologists cuss on the assorted radiome tric dating techniques- based on the radioactive belongingss of rocky chemical segments to find the age of the stuffs.Research workers from the field of Physicss have discovered that radioactive molecules are un unchangeable and they permit decay to achieve a stable construction at a particular rate which is direct determined by the atomic figure and mass of the decaying atom ( Polach, H.A and. Currie, L.A ) . establish on this invariable of the radioisotope of C, 14-C or C -14 the age of the organic stuff is assessed. In the biosphere carbon-14 is created by the hit of a neutron, exited by the cosmic aerate collides with a N atom. The isotope of C therefore produced is radioactive and it will undergo decay at a changeless rate ( Berger and H.E Suess ) . The C isotope is besides absorbed during photosynthesis by workss and ranges animal organic structure when they consume works parts. It besides reaches the beings through respiration along with normal carbon-12. It is assumed t hat in a life object carbon-14 which undergoes decay is replaced at a tranquillize rate. The C dating technique takes the premise that all lifes have passably same per centum of 14C isotope in their organic structure and besides that the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon -14 nowadays in the biosphere and inside the life workss and animate beings remain changeless. after(prenominal) the decease of the being the C consumption is stopped. Then the sum of carbon-12 in the organic structure will non cut down but the sum of carbon-14 undergoes decrease due its radiation. Carbon-14 isotope will undergo decay at an exponential rate to organize the stable nitrogen-14.Thus by comparing the comparative whole tone of C -12 and C -14 in an organic affair excavated scientists can foretell the age of the object ( R.E Taylor and M.J Aitken ) . The undermentioned equation is used to find the carbon-14 decay.Where N is the current sum, N_o is the original sum, lambda is the proportionality invariable for the growing rate ( which is oppose for decay ) , and T is the sum of clip that has passed.Figure 1 Carbon -14 lifecycle.Beginning ( Brain, 2014 )The half life of carbon-14 is 5730 old ages. This implies that it takes 5730 old ages for half of the 14C atoms in the organic affair to acquire decayed. When an being is dead the consumption of the carbon-14 Michigans and in a 5730 twelvemonth clip period, half of the sum of carbon-14 nowadays in the organic affair would hold undergone beta decay to organize stable Nitrogen-14. The combustion of a little piece of the excavated organic affair and mensurating the negatrons emitted during the subroutine by the disintegrating carbon-14 by radiation counters enable to quantify the sum of C -14 nowadays in the stuff. This information will assist the scientists to relationship of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 atom and can be used to foretell the age of the artefact straight.RestrictionsThis method assumes that the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the ambiance and in the life being will be a changeless. But surveies have showed a little sport in this ratio over the millenary and hence there is a possibility and attendant disagreement in computation excessively ( Currie ) . some other restriction is the trouble in gauging the age of things which are older than 50000 old ages as the sum of C-14 in such samples become perfectly senseless due to finish decay.DecisionDespite all the restrictions radio C dating will stay as a important tool for archeologist around the Earth to compare and understand the development of human civilization and civilisation. Promotions in this field like gas pedal techniques of carbon-14 dating ( C. Tuniz, J.R Bird, D.Fink, and G.F Herzog 60 ) conducted with the aid of mass spectrometer have increased the chain of the technique up to 100000 old ages ( Nave ) . Therefore doubtless radiocarbon dating remains one of the important tools for the archeologist to explicate the development and cultural outgro wth in a more accurate mode.Plants citedBrain, Marshall. How Carbon-14 date Works. 03 October 2000. HowStuffWorks.com.& A lt hypertext conveying protocol //science.howstuffworks.com/carbon-14.htm & A gt 18 March 2009.Berger and H.E Suess ( eds. ) . University of atomic number 20 Press, Los Angeles.. 1979 Pp. 7-31. PrintClark, J.D. Radiocarbon Dating and African Prehistory. In,Radiocarbon Dating. Proceedingsof the Ninth International Conference, Los Angeles and La Jolla, 1976.Currie, LLoyd A. The Remarkable Metrological History Of Radiocarbon Dating II . daybook of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 109.2 ( 2004 ) 185-217Higham, Thomas. The Method. 1999. hypertext transfer protocol //www.c14dating.com/int.html.04 Nov 2014.Long, Kelly. why Is Radiocarbon Dating Important to Archaeology. California State Parks. & A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.parks.ca.gov/ ? page_id=24000 & A gt 1 March 2009.Michels, J W. Dating methods in arc heology. Seminar Press, 1973.Nave, R. Accelerator techniques for C dating. & amp lt hypertext transfer protocol //hyperphysics.phyas tr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/cardat.html & A gt 15 April 2009.Polach, H.A and. Currie, L.A. Exploratory analysis of the international carbon 14 cross- normalization informations consensus values and interlaboratory mistake. Preliminary note.Radiocarbon,. 1980 -35-933.Print.Taylor, R.E. 1987. Radiocarbon Dating. An archeological position. Academic Press, Orlando, USA.Taylor R.E and M.J Aitken. ( explosive undercover work systems ) 1997.Chronometric dating in Archaeology. Progresss inArchaeological and Museum Science, volume 2.Oxford University, EnglandTuniz, J.R Bird, D.Fink, and G.F Herzog..Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Ultrasensitiveanalysis for planetary scientific discipline.CRC Press. 1998..

Financial groups Essay

Today, Barclays is bingle of the closely salutaryly financial conventions in the land. But its origins derriere be traced back to a much more than than modest furrow, founded more than 300 years agone in premises close to the Groups global p modern in the heart of Londons financial district. In the late 17th centimeury, the streets of the City of London were filled with goldsmith- trusters, who provided monarchs and merchants with the money they needed to pedigree their ventures around the field. one such business was founded by John Freame and his checkmate Thomas Gould in Lombard Street, London, in 1690.The plant Barclay became associated with the company in 1736, when pile Barclay who had married John Freames daughter became a partner. Private chamfering was uncouth in the 18th century, wedgeers would keep their clients gold deposits secure and lend to credit-worthy merchants. By the 1890s there were some carbon private banks. In 1896, 20 of these companie s came to drop deadher to form a modernistic joint-stock bank. The leading partners of the pertly bank, which was named Barclay and Company, were already connected by a web of family and business relationships. The saucily bank had 182 discriminatees, mainly in the East and South East, and deposits of i26 meg a substantial sum of money in those days. It grow its branch network rapidly by taking oer other banks, including Bolithos in Cornw each and the South West in 1905 and United Counties margin in the Midlands in 1916. In 1918 the company instantly Barclays Bank Limited amalgamated with the London, provincial and South Western Bank to become one of the UKs magnanimous vanadium banks. By 1926 the bank had 1,837 outlets in its own name. The formulatement of immediatelys global business began in 1925, with the coalition of tierce banks in which Barclays held sh ars, the Colonial Bank, the Anglo Egyptian Bank and the National Bank of South Africa.The new Barclays Ban k had businesses in much of Africa, the Middle East and the West Indies. Its name changed to Barclays Bank DCO in 1954, in response to changed economic and political conditions. It became Barclays insurance policy to decentralise, away form London setting up local anaestheticly-established banks, and 1985 called Barclays Bank. Todays Barclays has tremendous global strength and a reputation for being firstborn with innovative products and function. As of 30 June 2000, staff worldwide consisted of 70,300, of which 52,300 were in the UK.Today, Barclays has five business groupings that are managed as international businesses, reflecting changing guest inevitably and the developments taking place in global financial serve. Barclays Barclays forces a treat and significant contribution to the well-being of the UK economy. The banking sector accounts for approximately 4. 2 per cent of the UKs national output. In 1998, the financial industry contributed i 4. 6 billion to government revenues in mainstream corporation tax. Barclays alone paid a total of i 533 jillion in taxes in 1998. Around 30 million transactions are processed every day by UK clearing systems.The number of ways it is viable to recover financial services is dramatically increasing for the benefit of customers. Telephone banking, increased accessionibility to gold machines, means that millions of customers can affair banking services 24 hours a day. strike for these services is rising as an alternative to branch-based banking and, as a number of this the number of traditional branched will continue to decline. Due to the cylinder block of branches there has been a decline in the number of jobs across the banking sector. Reasons for transfer and Actions TakenThe main reason for the change is the changing needs of the consumers. more volume are working know, leading busier lives with broader days and locomotion more and needing instant access to money without having to queue and wa it. Customer tastes are becoming increasingly diverse, whilst some people want the immediacy of 24 hour electronic access to their money whilst others muted prefer personal, subject to face service from interchangeiers. Having seen that people want more instant access to their money Barclays fall in set up over 25,000 ATMs, expanded their telephone banking service and offer the worlds leading internet banking service.They boast statistic of One million customers gravel signed up for our telephone banking service. Our call centres sire 25 calls every minute. The number of capital machined available to customers had more than trebled in the past five years. Barclays online banking has attracted more than 450,000 customers since it was launched in1996 Barclays has to keep its services in the exoteric interest as they face serious competition from multinational banking corporation, supermarkets oblation cash back, and even car manufactures can offer banking services.In the c onk out cardinal years the total number of credit card issuers has more than retelld. The recent advances in technology, particularly digital information, mean that many of the new competitors in the financial market do not need to go on a nationwide chain of branches. It is possible, and much cheaper, to provide financial services over the telephone, PC or internet. Due to the increase of competition it has been alpha for Barclays to aim to lead the way for banking in the future, and also for them to be mensurable that they handle their customers needs and expectations.One of the biggest challenges for all financial services providers is to develop a new generation of more sophisticated, flexible products and services. Customers want and overlook straight forward easy access to their cash, whether it be by means of a cash machine, over that phone or the cash desk. At Barclays it is possible for customers to chose what kind of accounts they want, for example all in one accoun ts, such as those offered by Virgin One and Mortgage Trust or they can opt for savings accounts from building societies and insurance companies.Traditional banking providers are offering more advanced afoot(predicate) accounts. The number of customers choosing Barclays more advanced current account is increasing. Services such as internet banking un perceive of cristal years ago, are now offered as standard by most banks. Barclays has a long history of innovation. They were the first bank in the world to install the cash dispenser, this was located at their Enfield branch in 1967 having antecedently launched the first credit card in Europe in 1966. In the 1980s they introduced the UKs first debit card.In October 1998, Barclays became the first bank to introduce instant banking, and to take on the credit card to offer customer access to their current account and credit card details over the phone. Barclays realises that to keep up with competition that they will have to continue their long history of investment in production and service innovation, increase the use of the technology available to them, ie the internet, e-commerce and telebanking. They also propose to provide business customers with full euro capabilities and offering their personal banking customers an even broader range of flexible savings, owe and loan plans.Barclays has spent over i 10 million on customer research programmes in 1999 to ensure that they have an in discretion understanding of the needs of their customers and their expectations. In total they surveyed more than 1. 7 million personal customers during 1999. They found that customers were generally satisfied with their financial service provider. Customers say that they regarded Barclays as solid, safe and reliable in terms of the funds and business they entrusted in them. However it was noticed that customers wanted an improvement in the one to one service and for individual circumstances to be well received.Having heard th is Barclays responded by launching a series of initiatives, many of these involved get out use of customer data allowing them to anticipate customers needs and allowing them to pre-approve loans, overdrafts and mortgage arrangements. Barclays aims to make a contribution to the community, in September 1999 they announced proposals to contribute i 100 million to a new regional Venture smashing Fund, offering loans to growing businesses that are unable to gain conventional bank funding, this was part of Barclays aim to promote economic regeneration.Barclays has also developed three national sponsorship programmes, these include, Barclays New Futures, this is the largest educational sponsorship scheme worth i 8 million over eight years, run in conjunction with confederacy Service Volunteers. Barclays Sitesavers, this is the largest environmental regeneration sponsorship worth i 3 million over six years, this is a partnership scheme with Groundwork, they are aiming to become derelict land into in to parks, gardens, play areas and sports grounds.Barclays Stage Partner aims to allow people who otherwise could not afford to go to the theatre, it will damage Barclays a total of i 4. 5 million over six years. However for Barclays to keep up with competition in the millennium it was necessary for them to widen their market and a merger with the Woolwich was proposed. Both the chief executive director of Woolwich and Barclays realised that they had a shared philosophy, strategy and vision, as well as their views on the future of banking being similar.A deal between Woolwich and Barclays would double Barclays share of both the mortgage and savings market, provide access to the untaughts second largest team of independent financial advisers and give it cave in Plan, Woolwichs all-in-one bank account, which was adding a throw out 8,000 customers a week. However, due to the merger taking place over 100 Woolwich branches were located within 100 metres of a Barclays, as these were now unnecessary these 100 Woolwich branches were closed, leaving the group with a combined total of 2,000 branches.Barclays said that the Woolwich name would be unplowed and would become the mortgage brand for Barclays products. The newly merged group now had more than 16 million customers, with both sets being able to take in the advantages from both Barclays and Woolwich. However Barclays continued closing banks, closing a further 171 branches across Britain. It was argued that to keep up with their plan and to advance in this world with new improved technology it was no longer necessary to have so many branches.If the bank was not to realise this and change its methods of banking it would go out of business. However as Britains second biggest bank it was still difficult for them to justify the closing of so many branches with little pre warn leaving 7,500 people with no job and over 40,000 customers, most from state of matter communities without there local bank ing service. Barclays said that even after the closure of the clownish branches people living in those areas would still have a local branch within three miles.This however was not true as now many customers face round trips of twenty miles to alternative branches and fears have been raised for the safety of people carrying cash to be cashed into their accounts. In one case a 79 year old char staged a sit in at their local Barclays Bank to protest against plans to close it. The locals were said to be devastated and worried to be losing their local bank and the effect it would have on businesses. Protest groups across the country are planning sit ins and other forms of disruption to try to dissuade Barclays from closing their local branches.Barclays quickly picked up on the negative glory towards them in the areas they had closed the branches and announced that they had agreed a deal allowing customers to fee cash and cheques and convey cash from their local post office. The b ank ordered this in 155 of the 171 areas were they had closed the banks. Barclays said that they hoped that the deal with the post offices would answer to keep them open in areas they were they too were under threat. However locals complained that the new service was no substitute for full time banking facilities.It is not just Barclays facing these problems, most banks have been closing their local branches and been changing to more modern methods of financial services and issuing money. With more people working, with little time to go to the banks it is necessary for them to be able to withdraw cash at any time of day of night. In the past, when less char worked it was possible for the woman to go to the bank and to cash in cheques and withdraw money, however now, often with both members of the family working it leaves little time to get to the bank, thus the need for instant services, ie.Telephone, Internet banking and twenty- four hour cash dispensers. Though many jobs have b een lost through the closure of all the branches a vast number of jobs have been opened up through telephone banking, with Barclays alone boasting more than twenty- five calls minute. It is often the people who are scared of change who resist to it, though it may issue them at first, in the long run it will benefit them allowing them easier access to their money.

Changing the Culture at British Airways

Changing the Culture at British Air authoritys 1. Problems you identified from the case Macro The first problem changing the socialisation at British Airways was the merger of the BOAC and BEA. In 1971, the Civil Aviation carry became law and the board was to control policy over British Airways but both BOAC and BEA remained autonomous, each with its own chairman, board, and chief executive. This caused a split inside British Airways byout the 1970s and in the mid-1980. The second problem BA faced was the threat of privatization. In 1984 the government passed legislation that do BA a public limited company.The third was productivity was bad compared to new(prenominal) leading foreign airlines. The fourth was poor portion. Poor guest help to the employees and clients led to reduced passenger numbers and high fuel costs. This created a reduction in profit (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 25-29). Micro The first problem BA had that is non obvious was the neuter in the organization and assimilation. in that respect inquire to be a more than(prenominal) institutionalize alteration. New culture fosters a strong commitment to service. Also, the lack of unity and loyalty caused the airline to not be focused. There was a lack of recognition.This caused a lack of unifying(a) corporate culture. Also, training inevitably for worryrs were needed. Organizations need to change to adapt to the changes inside and outside the organizations (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 28-35) 2. Causes BA will surrender these problems because they merge two companies with very(prenominal) different dash of management, government regulations. They lost millions because of the mindset the management had which questioned why the need for change if were making a profit. The lost was wide also because people were operating effectively and not efficiently.They believe that if youre providing service at no cost to taxpayers then youre doing wellspring and the cost of paying a high pric e for advance technologies. There was not enough management time devoted to managing the changing environment because it was each(prenominal) focused inwardly on resolving industrial traffic problems, on resolving organizational conflicts. Both companies had through with(p) its share of pioneering. BA necessitate to be reorganized to have shared desires. This resulted in a financial crises and downsizing of employees (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 35). 3.Organizational Systems Affected Structural The Leadership indicated that BEA was concerned with create an airline infrastructure than it did in profit. This was reflection a de-centralized leadership style and BOAC was concerned with the jet airliner which was focusing on the task. The merger caused BA to be very controlled with a lot of rules and regulations. Privatization by the British government made BA a public limited company. (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 26, 34). Psychosocial Employees expressed their pleasure on being treated with respect.When the merger took place, both BEA and BOAC will have to be loyal to each other and unite. A greater challenge is to change the mindset of employees at all levels. The mindset is a shared way of thinking and behavior in spite of appearance in an organization. They are reflected in judge behaviors and attitudes. The mindset becomes very powerful in gaining unity and focus within the organization. It provides a common focus and increases the intensity of the go away being done (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 39). Technical BA will have to cut cost and jam customer service.The technological innovation plays and important role. If everyone works together there would be a more cohesive environment and the ability to manage change. When other airlines were not considered and competition was not a factor, BA was prospered economically but there were no satisfaction with customer service (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 26). BA need to encourage workshops was great within the organ ization, having done this customer assessment of the competitors allowed the employees from thinking more about the internal company policies and practices and more time interacting with the customers.Customer may become involved in product design. The more interaction between the customer and employees, the more a customer views is reflected on the organization (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 40-41). Managerial BA Managers would have to be very proactive and have a need for change. They made Lord King the head in 1981 and he recognized that a major cooperate change was needed. The leaders at BA must manage through principles. A change was needed in the culture. The leader must articulate and pass by the principles to be successful (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 9). Goals and Values The BA would have to have guide to its customers, investors encourage a shared plenty and values, enable employees to act by encouraging greater cutomer and cost consciousness, adaptability initiative, account ability, and teamwork. To accomplish these goals, managers will have to gravel the way (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 50). 4. Alternative Solutions One alternative solution to changing the culture at BA is to not resist the change and take an untraditional approach.The greatest effort would be overcoming the mindset of employees at all levels of an organization. another(prenominal) alternative is managers dont have to micro-manage. It creates a negative environment. BA focus was primarily on cutting cost and driving customer service. This is a difficult challenge. BA would have been more successful if they would have put the people before the task (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 39). 5. Recommendations and Implementation Plans BA needs to change to adapt to the changing internal and external environment through a restructuring of their organization.They should start out there merger with a vision statement and uniting as one complete team. They need to die hard with the times, out with the o ld and in with the new. With the globalizations and technology, organizations have moved from mechanical to a gradual approach. The mindset of the employees at all levels of the organization need to be changed. BA also needs to analyze their organization through the look of the customer perspective. The more interaction between customers and employees the more a customer perspective is instilled within the organization.There need to be work-groups such as self-manage work teams. BA needs to be reflexive and learn from their past (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 42). learn needs to be implemented. There must me a willingness to change for all employees and managers. BA will have the ability to become re-energized and meet the needs of the customers through innovation and being resourceful (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 50). References Jick, T. D. , & Peiperl, M. A. (2011). Managing Change Cases and Concepts, Third magnetic declination . New york McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..

Examples of Evaluation Method

P tie inence Evaluation Example A. Direct-Objective Evaluation Direct- intentive evaluation fire be in the form of test result which connected the object lens with the documentary of the test directly through the test result Examples 1. pronounce the scholar learning objectives by collecting information on student performance on tests.If the objective is to make students able to master a particular proposition skill, and that skill is tested in a few questions on an overall exam, the instructor can evaluate attainment of the skill by looking at just those relevant questions on the exam which leave behind give direct flier amidst the test result and particular skill they have. 2. Evaluate aircraft locomotive engine performance after shop visit. The objective is to get optimum airflow through the engine. The object is the clearance between the blades and the shrouds. Method * measure the length of all blades * measure the diameter of the shrouds * measure clearance between b lades and shrouds check on the manual book round the clearance limitations * make adjustment to get optimum clearance refer to manual This method leave behind directly effect on the engine performance by resulting an optimum airflow through the engine which will maintain the engine bypass ratio on its optimum level. B. no. Evaluation Ordinal evaluation allows us to sort the rank of the object that we measure. The limits of the values are not clear, so that can be compared hardly if the value is higher, the same or lower than the others but we cant say how much different interval between the values. Examples 1. The T-shirt sizing S Small M MediumL Large 2. The scale of frequency 1- ever so 2- Often 3- Rarely 4- Occasional 5- Never C. Pair Wise semblance Pair wise comparison generally refers to any process of canvas entities in pairs to judge which of each entity is preferred, or has a greater union of some quantitative property. The method of pair wise comparison is emp loy in the scientific study of preferences, attitudes, voting systems, social choice, public choice, and multi element AI systems. (Wikipedia) Example Choosing to buy a motorcycle with criteria as follows * wrong * economic * Design Weight for each criteria * Price three generation more(prenominal) of the essence(predicate) than design Price is two times more important than economical * Economical one-half times more important than design Pair wise comparison matrix Criteria Price Economical Design Priority Vector Price 1 2 3 0. 5455 Economical 0. 5 1 1. 5 0,2727 Design 0. 333 0. 667 1 0,1818 derive 1. 833 3,667 5. 5 1 Based on weight of each criteria, set is the most important, economical is the second important and design is the least important. D. noun phrase Evaluation Nominal evaluation classified the criteria but with no copulation meaning. Each criteria not represented which one is better or bigger, only categorized it ased on identification and fact of the obj ect. Examples 1. Number of DKI Jakarta citizen found on religion (2005) Religion Islam, Christian, Catholic, Hindoo, Buddha Province Islam Christian Catholic Hindu Buddha Total DKI Jakarta 7,157,182 501,168 336,514 28,508 313,217 8,336,589 2. Evaluate the number of people based on marriage status 1 Married 2 Single 3. pitch type classification A, B , O or AB 4. ethnical group classification Javanese, Sundanese, or Betawi 5. Classification of part based on color red, blue, yellow, green, etc

Thus I Refute Beelzy

Group Assessment and Self-Assessment During this project I learned a smoke about my group members however change surface more about myself. I discovered that I am non actually detailed oriented and that I re aloney need to crap on my communication skills. A lot of the time I mistaken that we were all on the same page when we werent. If I had to redo this I would eat up made sure that we started selling our cards earlier and would have worked on getting bigger business on our cards so that more people would want to buy them.Marise Maurice did a lot for the group. She was the nearly responsible out of all of us and the most realistic. though she was motionlessness she silently took charge. She helped keep the boys focused when they started to go astray. Andrew Andrew truly took leadership during this project. Though he may have slacked at times, all in all he did a lot. He and scoop were the two who came up with our idea. He brought a lot of ideas to the table however he d idnt really like listening to other peoples ideas. Max Max worked really hard on this.Though he may have been quiet he organized a lot of the stuff and he alike came up with our idea with Andrew. I cant really submit much about Max because he was really quiet but he contributed a lot. He also put a lot of time and effort into the cards. capital of New Jersey Trenton worked really hard on this and was really dedicated. However he was really close-minded and wasnt very open to new ideas. I feel as though if Trenton would have been more willing to venture we could have done a lot more with the cards. But he really took charge and all over a lot. He also has excellent communication skills.

Participative Management Essay

In the corporate world, concern musical mode has shifted from scientific management to democratic management. While scientific principles of management underlines communication, leaders and participation , participatory management is anchored on the need for quality management, sizeable relationship with the workers, building teams and integrated organizational structures. Research has shown that the following benefits peck be accrued from participatory management.Firstly, it can result to the decline in absenteeism and turnover while enhancing attraction and retention of workers since they sacrifice a tone of ownership in the organization. It also promotes effective and efficient conveyance of learning between the management and the employee at all levels in the organization. (Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 16). Elsewhere, it makes everyone to feel a stake order in the decision make process.Additionally, it reduces the cases of internal disagreements and wrangles since the workers act without suspicion and consider each other a brother/sister. Participative management helps to widen the scope of skills of the staff and enhances innovations and designing of efficient ways and procedures for tasks. Finally, it motivates and gives railway line satisfaction to the workers ((Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 29).On the other hand, participatory management has some demerits that have been evident in organizations which have implemented it. To begin with, most employees do not accept the responsibility of making decision for the organizations and instead they alike(p) being told what to do. At the same time, some of the workers are illiterate and not versed with the tasks of the organization hence they require training.Others demand pay if include in decision making. It requires the participation of many people thus making decision making to go slow resulting to inefficiency (Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 37). In conclusion therefore, participatory management is of great benefi t to both private and public sectors. It is the crush for the newly founded organizations towards struggle for their survival through competitive advantages.

My Memorable Vacation

My Memorable Vacation Imagine yourself in Orlando, Fl on a pealing coaster that is 90 feet up high, and you are seated apparent motion row waiting for a 90 degree drop liner down. AHH I was in that position once. My Vacation to Orlando was awesome. The reason why it is so memorable to me is because I went to a lot of theme parks, I went to canvas my family, and I had condemnation to pass. To begin with, the theme Parks were incredible. You declare Aquatica, ocean World, and Busch Gardens. Bush Gardens is located in Tampa, which it is just a few proceeding away from Orlando. The roller coaster that we experienced earlier is found in Busch Gardens.This vex takes you 90 feet high in to the air, then it takes you on a dreaded drop down combined with twist and turns. there was one roller coaster that I went on called The Cheetah Hunt. Of course, me thinking I am brave, I chose to sit in the front row. As I was ready to discern up to the ride engineer, the coaster was shot thro ugh a straight pass that contained trees and animals all around. I could not be able to feel my demo or hands through the full-page ride and out. In these tooth root parks I had the meet to mold different animals interact with all(prenominal)(prenominal) other and even people.I could never for give-up the ghost the thrill and fervor I had. Second, my vacation did not end there. I had the chance to see my family again. Most of my family lives in Orlando. When we get together, we like to throw parties and make a lot of food. We do what nearly families do, gossip about our lives and our problems. My family tries there hardest to arrest the bond regardless of the distance. The chance to see them again really make me happy and cherish the little moments we share together. What I miss the most is the fact that I would everlastingly wake up to breakfast, (cooked by my grandma) and a full house.For some reason we always tried to keep the usage of having breakfast every morning together as a family no matter what. Being with my family was so much better than being in my house alone. We all had the energy to play games, joke around, and prank each other. My moms side of the family is known as the top hat pranksters ever. Finally, later all the excitement from my family, it only leads to the relaxation time. The environment in Orlando is so halcyon. The weather is cloudy most of the time, it tends to stay windy throughout the whole day.The property are a far distance apart from each other. So, there is a lot of quietness around. I valued the musculus quadriceps femoris and peace I had. For instance, now I am piled with the same pounds of stress. There is always something that needs to be done or things that I have to do at the last minute. In Orlando I took time to get a massage at a massage parlor. They play this peaceful music that gets you relaxed and they use body oils that release heat onto the muscles. That gets the body to relax more and ease the pains. Going home feeling refreshed and energized was the best feeling.When I arrived at the hotel, I played a hypnosis CD and began to release my thoughts and relax my body, until I fell asleep. To conclude, my vacation to Orlando was so memorable to me. I had gone to the Theme parks and enjoy rides, I had a chance to spend quality time with my family, and I was able to have time to relax. Memories are the only experiences we have that we tend to cherish the most. Certain things whitethorn happen to us that may not have a meaning. But, you would always have that one special memory and mine was the day I took this vacation. Vanessa Valentin-Rosado Enc 0021 Thursday 540 810 reader 644451 10-20-11

John Donne’s Love Poems Essay

tin Donne is cardinal of many poets of his time who wrote revel poetry. The amour that sets him apart from the others is that he manages to successfully subvert the traditional conventions to his own ends. for each one of the secular verses The Flea, The Sunne Rising and A cong Forbidding Mourning shows Donnes verbal dexterity, manipulation of the conventional crop and the use of a mannikin of textual features.For the secular love verse The Flea the conventional form is that the flea is to be used as a symbolism of love. Donne subverts this form and uses the flea for the key read/write head to his parameter and to symbolise sex/marriage.In the poem Donne conveys meaning finished the rhyming and structure. In each of the three stanzas the front six-spot ducts hold three sets of twain rhyming couplets that symbolises the couple (the male and womanly lover). At the end of stanzas there is set of three rhymes that is pretty indented which symbolises the union of the fl ea with the couple.Donne uses hyperbole in beginning 1, stanza 2 three lives in one flea spare and again in line 7, stanza 2 where he begins the argument that in killing the flea she commits murder, suicide and sacrilege. This extreme quarrelsome, exaggeration creates a flow and pace throughout his sustained arguments.The use of religious spoken communication eg. Cloistered, three live in one flea -holy trinity, sacrilege etc. helps to adjoin an authority from god to the poem and it also elevates the language.Donne also uses repetition line 1, stanza 1Marke but this flea, and marke in thisto create a commanding, direct breed to the audience. It gives the poem an imperative tone. In this poem the use of rhetorical questions conveys an argumentative tone and in stanza 3, lines 1 and 2 the use of emotive imagination changes the pace of the argument and makes it more personal.Another secular poem, not unlike the Flea, that Donne subverts is c anyed The Sunne Rising. This poem is a dawn poem and the conventional form for such a poem is that the minstrel or lover is sit down outside by the girls house serenading the situation of the two lovers as the day breaks. Donne manipulates this form as he places the lover in the girls room and instead of serenading the sun, he curses it.Donne conveys meaning through the structure of the poem. In each stanza the lines are indented or left normal according to what the line talks about. If the lover is talking about things outside the room whence the lines are indented. If the lover talks about something inside the room therefore the lines are left as normal. This creates an expectation as to what will slip by in those lines.The last two of the last three stanzas has a rhyming couplet symbolising the two lovers.The use of monosyllabic words creates an intense, assertive, manful tone. The extreme hyperbole and metaphor from stanza 4 lines 1 and 2 She is all states, and all princes, Isupports the tone set by the arroga nce used. The pun in line 10, stanza 3.. and thou shalt heare all, here in one bed layassists with a flow for the poem and the argument.A Valediction Forbidding Mourning is yet another diverse secular poem by Donne that has been subverted, just as The Flea and the Sunne Rising had been. The conventional form for a farewell speech is that it should be emotional. Donne manipulates the form by not lenience outbursts or saddens and emotion.The long vowels used eg virtuous mentwere profanation get the best the poem and give it a slower pace. The quiet opening of the poem displays alliteration using ms, ns and ss. The light vowels eg. men, friends, breath,meet etc. go provided in subduing the poem.In this poem Donne uses many similes to make his point. In the first stanza he likens the lovers departure to a death of a virtuous man. This begins his argument convincing his lover that a scene isnt needed, that their love is beyond separation.Donne contrasts the dull sublunary lovers wi th his relationship in baffle to further his argument and create flow for the poem. He also likens their love to gold, the most valuable of the metals. This simile is used to further show the care for of their love and to further the argument.The likening of the lovers to a compass is both a paradox and a hyperbole that catches the audiences attention and creates a startling image. This clever analogy dazzles the audience by its wit and pushes the argument into its last stages. The last analogy of their love is to a beat drawn by the compass. It suggests continuity, perfection, renewal and marriage and finishes the argument with the idea that like the circle that doesnt end neither will their love.Even within a conventional form it is possible for a clever poet to subvert the conventions. John Donne has done that in three of secular love poems the Flea, the Sunne Rising and A Valediction Forbidding Mourning.

What influence has Vincent van Gogh

Artists had many original ideas during avant-garde Sagos lifetime, though they could not be hands down categorized. The term Post-Impressionist denotes a few independent deviceists, like van van van van Gogh who at the end of the 19th ascorbic acid rebelled against the limitations of handed-down Impressionism. However, it does not forecast for an cheatistic demeanor or formal movement. They expressed a point of individual styles which focused on the emotional, structural, symbolic and spiritual elements that they felt where abstracted from Impressionism.The hold out of these painters formed a basis for some(prenominal) art movements. forefront Gogh was an important artist in the late 19th coulomb Symbolist movement. Symbolism emerged in France amongst 1885 and 1910 as a chemical reaction against Realism and Impressionism. The symbolic value or meaning of an fine art came from the refreshment of emotional experiences in the viewer through color, line, and composition. The commencement exercise kit and boodle of van Gogh were experienced through Color Symbolism. He felt that certain modify had a symbolic meaning, as he associated them with different moods.Dark blue and color signified dread and fear, light and brighter tones, such as turquoise and scandalmongering were used to ready a sense of peace and calm. Van Sagos prefer color was yellow he strongly linked this color with gladness and warmth. His Sunflowers 1888) painting evidently features many shades of yellow as it was multi-colour during one of the about hopeful times of van Sagos life. His xdency to founder stress on symbolic colors became a worldwide phenomenon in various cultures. Van Sagos guidance on Symbolism had a striking practice in the following art movements, Fauvism and Expressionism.Van Gogh was involved in the development of Fauvism. It was the first 20th century movement in sophisticated art, a short-lived approach to painting focused in France in the midst of 1900 and 1908. Van Sagos experiments with paint applications programme, subject matter, form and most significantly, pure evident color undistri howevered to the beginnings that brought forth Fauvism. Henry Matisse was a prominent attracter in the Fauvist movement. He created the Fauve style after experimenting with several Post-Impressionist approaches, primarily the proficiency of Vincent van Gogh.Matisses influence inspired him to reject traditional methods of perception however he retained the realistic values of Impressionism. He adopted van Sagos use of strong colors and loose application of it into his work. In 1901, Maurice De Villains encountered a display of van Sagos work at the G altogethereries Beriberi-Jejune in Paris. I was so moved that I wanted to cry with joyfulness and despair. On that day I loved van Gogh more(prenominal) than I loved my father, he declared. This turned Villains decisively towards an art career indebted to van Gogh.Ultimately, Villains beca me an original member of the Fauve group, a presbyopicside Henry Matisse. Together, they formally launched Fauvism at the 1905 Salon autonomy. Van Gogh in one case wrote to his br opposite Thee, Instead of trying to reproduce exactly what I afford before my eyes, I use color more arbitrarily in order to express myself forcibly To exaggerate the essential and to leave the frank vague, this confirms his technique which was used excessively by the Fauvists. Van Sagos queer style clearly had an influence upon later artists which stemmed into the establishment Fauvism.The first phase of the 20th century Expressionist movement was led by van Gogh. The movement originated from Germany and had spread across Europe lasting from 1905 to 1920. Expressionism came into introduction as a reaction against Impressionism it was mainly inspired by the communicative and symbolist currents in late 19th century art. In the lecture of art critic Sue Hubbard, At the beginning of the twentieth centu ry Van Gogh gave the Expressionists a new painterly language that enabled them to go beyond reface appearance and penetrate deeper essential truths.He proved specially powerful on the Expressionists encouraging them to employ symbolic colors, distorted forms, surfaces and shapes to produce a highly emotional effect. Van Gogh was more democratic in Germany than anywhere else. German Expressionist, Ernest Ludwig Kerchief and other artists of Die Brooke (The Bridge) were fascinated by van Sagos technique, adopting his dramatic brushwork and sharp color contrasts. Another major German Expressionist, Vastly Sandusky and the artists of the Deer Blade Ritter (The Blue Rider) movement lasting from 1911 to 1914, look up to van Gogh or rejecting visible reality in his artworks.Private collectors and museum directors in Germany were among the first to purchase van Sagos work, providing evidence that he was in fact involved in the beginning of the Expressionist movement. Jackson Pollock and Willie De cooking were arguably the most important pioneers of Abstract Expressionism who were influenced by van Gogh in the sass and sass. The artists have been described as , Powerfully imaginative developing a radically new approach to painting . Yet, their work was not completely original they incorporated van Sagos experi noetic technique of sweeping, expressive restructures into their artworks.Vincent brushstrokes reflected his mood he used many short, broken strokes to create a sense of agitation, and longer brushstrokes to convey a feeling of greater calm. His technique was used excessively by Abstract Expressionists, having a dull impact on the movement. Artists today are excuse inspired by van Sagos unique vision. Americas Vincent van Gogh of the 21st century is currently pencil lead Contemporary Impressionists. Stefan Duncan has been greatly influenced by van Gogh in that he uses a vibrant, kinetic style with an updated quinine to draw quick unblended strokes into l ong curvy lines.His impressionistic approach attempts to capture natures beauty in all of his work. Duncan has currently classified his art approach into a new peg of Impressionism known as, Squiggles. The new Contemporary Impressionists strive to prove that van Sagos style is no longer a dead art form and is still developing and altering with the times. The legacies of van Sagos work have contributed to neo heathenish depiction of art. Van Gogh produced 900 paintings and made 1,100 sketches in the last ten years of is life, while only selling one of them in his career, The rosy Vineyard (1888).His most acclaimed works were created within a span slight than three years, a time in which he suffered from mental disease and instability. Greatly contrasting his lifetime of poverty, Van Sagos paintings have plough extremely iconic some have established record prices being among the worlds most expensive paintings, such as his portrait of Dry. Cachet (1890), sold for hundreds of m illions of dollars. Thus, the works of van Gogh contain aspects of high culture that are seen as of lasting artistic alee, furthering how art is now culturally depicted.A majority of our greatest painters enjoyed fame and often wealth during their lifetime however van Sagos reputation steady increased after his death. The dramatic elements of his personal tale involved poverty, self-mutilation, mental breakdown and suicide. Sadly, his mental state has tended to overshadow modern perceptions of his art. Van Gogh has become almost inseparable from his work inspiring others to dramatist his saga in poems, novels, carrys, operas, dance ensembles, orchestral compositions and popular music.Lust for Life (1956) is a biographical film of the life of van Gogh, based on Irving Stones 1932 novel. It describes the origins of van Sagos paintings and letters between him and his brother, Thee. The film reveals van Gogh as a tortured style and recounts significant moments in his lifetime, particu larly his suffering from mental illness and irresistible impulse with painting. Van Sagos conception as an artist is largely based on his reputation and personal tale which has had an overall impact on how art is now culturally depicted. Vincent van Gogh has become enormously influential on art over the last 200 years.His involvement in the early development of Symbolism, Fauvism and Expressionism as well as various other aspects of art has shaped our present world. Van Gogh has clearly show that painting was not merely a study of the visible surroundings, but also an expression of the artists emotional response. Consequently, artists continue to mimic his signature style. His artwork legacy and personal tale has inspired countless people to become art involved. Van Gogh will persistently be regarded as one of history greatest painters and a vital contributor to the foundations of modern art.

A Perspective of Leadership Through the Eyes of a Great Leader

Abraham Lincoln had a distinct way of elevating people. This is evident in one of his lead techniques as pointed out by Donald Phillips in his book, lead Executive Strategies for Tough Times. This, he had done by recognizing his subordinates, his people as equals.More crucially, it is by not failing to remember that he, as a death chair acted not as a Chieftain but as vox of the people who elected him and it is from this people, his power as Chief Executive emanated. In the same way, there are leaders who act based on the same principle as Abraham Lincoln. Take for example, Nelson Mandela.The latters leaders although may be viewed very differently from that of Lincoln is characterized by the standardised principles in leaders as Lincolns. Like Lincoln who is a master of active passivity, Mandela offered only passive resistance against efforts that put the Blacks in the position of permanent servility (Brink, 1998).Like Lincoln who preached visions, in his case, with the Gettys burg Address, Mandela preached visions as a mode of getting across ideas that would set forth the attempt towards his objectives. According to him, During my lifetime I hold in dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.I have cherished the example of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. (Brink, 1998). Also, like Lincoln, Mandela showed integrity even with his failures which he considered not as such but as blessings which enhance rather than diminish his constitution (Brink, 1998).1. In your opinion, what were Lincolns most important attributes or traits?It is not proper to say that Abraham Lincoln had a most important leadership attribute for it is only when his traits are seen as a whole that hi s leadership can be qualified. Saying that one trait is more important than the other means elevating one and subordinating the rest. Surely, it is not only still one or a few leadership attributes which can deal or distinguish Lincoln as a leader from the others.According to Donald Phillips (1992), During his quatern years as president, Abraham Lincoln spent most of his time among the troops. He visited key individuals in government, members of Congress, toured hospitals to visit the wounded, etc. He was a instinctive wanderer. As a lawyer, he went out to discover the facts first hand.Still, it cannot be said, for example that Lincolns consideration of getting out of the superpower and circulating among the troops distinguished him over the others because there were leaders who precious such in their leadership too. Princess Diana was considered as a establish underframe during her days because she showed empathy to the people and in Phillips words, she got out in public to insure the people first hand and not only through the look of third observers.The same goes with Pope John Paul II who was far-famed for his frequent tours among Catholic nations. He was not the Pope who sat experience his Papal Chair as he observed the world through his accolades. He went out, shook hands, waved and hugged the people whom he led in faith. two leaders value reaching out to their people as prime necessity in effective leadership.Having said this, it is the combination of Lincolns leadership traits that made him a distinguished him from the others. It is the right amounts of humility, foresight, patience, tact and suaveness that made him one of the supreme leaders not only in the history of the United States but in the history of the world.

“Utopia is no place”. How does the Utopian and dystopian fiction you have studied present the possibility of perfection

It is the dream of a just hunting lodge, which seems to refuge the gentlemanity imagination ineradicably and in all ages1. only when supreme purity, absolute justice, absolute logic and idol atomic number 18 beyond human work2. Composers such as more than, Orwell, Huxley and Adeuceod use different avenues and techniques to explore this idea of apotheosis and its feasibility on earth with the human race. Utopian and dystopian metaphor comprises a broad selection of texts but in the narrowest definition any text in which the composer proposes an ideal or nightmarish world or society. The literary cannons of Utopian and Dystopian fiction include Platos Republic, Thomas More and his Utopia responsible for both the generic name and genre creation Aldous Huxleys valiant New World George Orwells 1984 and Animal Farm And Mar admit Atwoodss Hand Maids Tale. Within sepa steply text composers use different presentations of the ideal society to highlight the achievability and zi ng of perfection.Utopia is a story, to be discovered only by trespassing onto an foreign voyage of exploration by Raphael Hythloday, Mores fictional protagonist. Utopia is a prototypical sociological and anthropological study3 into humanity.In book II, More records Raphaels business relationship of life in Utopia as he experienced it. He presents a prescriptive report of social structures of Utopia contrasting it, in the minds of the responders, with his earlier discussions in Book I of the sorry state of the realm of England. Utopia ends, first with a rousing flourish by Hythloday in which he claims Utopia to be the close perfect of societies, followed by Mores assessment that many Utopian policies argon absurd, though there are some he would the sames of to see adopted in Europe4.Utopia sits in the span betwixt worldly realism and philosophical idealism. It is a working society in which there is no evil, but the book can offer no means by which an existing society might be transformed into a Utopian model. Although Utopia is sceptical of aspects of the Utopian society it is still marked by the authors combine in science, reason, and progress.Later works of Utopian fiction saw a shift towards a more pessimistic and cynical view of man, generating the experimental condition dystopian fiction. This has become synonymous with 1984 Brave New World and Handmaids Tale.1984 is a utopia in the form of a young5 meaning like Mores its inception is at a fantastical no place. Orwells Eurasia began with a fancy of a glittering antiseptic world of glass and steel and neutral concrete6 but quickly turned to a totalistic nightmarish state where even the freedom to say, two plus two make four corroded by the Party, where War is Peace liberty is Slavery and Ignorance is StrengthOrwell presents a bleak picture of a society whose aim at perfection has completely eroded individual rights and freedom. A society where the state wields power for powers sake and honor and trust are a distant hallucination. The society is marked by fear of vapour and un-personification, where individuals movements and thoughts are constantly monitored and controlled by the Party.He too uses the very right ending of the book with Winstons betrayal of Julia, as the final testament to human will. He shows us that to talk about the need for perfection in man is to talk about the need for an opposite species7 that perfection is not part of the human essence8Orwells negativity is paralleled by Huxleys Brave New World, a utopian future based on science and technology where forced conformity is exchanged with eugenics and hypnopaedia conditioning. Huxley uses his characters and plots as purveyors of truth reverberating his disillusionment with society and its values. His cynicism and profound pessimism of humanity Human beings are given free will in order to choose between insanity on the one hand and lunacy on the other is also widely reflected within the text.His v ision of perfection sees the attrition of individuality for the sake of stability requiring the sacrifice of art, science, and religion. Individuality is not only repressed its exterminate before and after birth through various forms of conditioning. He too, like Orwell, concludes his composition with disquieting statement regarding human will, with Johns submission to World show society leading to his suicide.Atwood uses the Republic of Gilead, a totalitarian and theocratic state, to also make a comment upon societys flaws. Dangerously low reproduction rate leads to a society with very definitive class distinctions the elites, the Marthas and the handmaids the vessels assigned to adopt fruit for the infertile elites.Atwood suggests, people will endure oppression volitionally as long as they receive some slight descend of power or freedom truly amazing, what people can get used to, as long as there are a few compensations and this passivity is the factor which enables the for mation of totalitarian states. Again testifying to the limitations of the human character.However Atwood unlike Orwell and Huxley moves towards a heterotopic state at the end of the novel with the protagonist being whisked away to the underground by Nick signifying remnants of accept for humanity.Composers have often within their compositions addressed the human desire for perfection. But numerous works of modern literature have been suspicious not only of the possibility of utopia, but of its very desirability 9 By reflecting on disastrous opposite10 resulting form trying to hold utopia on a grand scale composers have highlighted that Perhaps the great utopia would be if we could all realize that no utopia is possible.

Bw/Ip International, Inc Case

Valuation of Corpo estimate Finance BUFN 750 BW/IP International, Inc 1? BW/IP is a good outlook for the leverage buyout. * Steady cash consort (around 30 million per year). * tight counsel team. * Positive NPV (about 61. 5 million) The NPV of BW/IP is 61. 5million(301-239. 5). Thus, we are kinda optimistic about this BW/IPs project. Calculating the NPV. method APV VL=VU+PV (ITS). We feces sign the interestingness paid schedule from the BW/IPs projected operating performance, which means there is a pre-determined interest paid to debt holders.Assumption Tax rate 38%. From 1991 to 1993, the assess rate stay to be constant, which is 38%. And we assume that the tax rate provide insure to be 38%. demo 1 shows the bear upon of calculating tax rate Growth rateWe assume the project lead stopping point for infinity, and grow in perpetuity after year 1992. And we usance the ordinary annually growth rate from 1990 to 1993 as our perpetuity growth rate, which is 2. 3%. tran splant in NWCWe subtract cash from NWC provided in the trip and we constrict the adjusted change in NWC.The counting is presented in exhibit 2. tax deduction rateTypically, the investment horizon of a common leverage buyout lay out from 5 to 10 years, so we use the ten years treasury yields, ending at 1987 as the peril free rate, which is 8. 79%. For the grocery store return, we use the S&P 500 indicant in 1980s, which is 12. 79%. Thus, we target easily get the risk premium. adjoin 3 shows the process of calculating discount rate. Tax nursesGiving the interest paid schedule, we can figure out the tax shield each year from 1988 to 1993 at the tax rate of 38%.Discount rate with a pre-determined debt and interest paid, we should use the personify of debt to get the present value of interest tax shield, because the risk of tax shield is moving together with the risk of the loan (debt), kinda of the total additions. We assume the corporate borrowing rate is the comparable with BBB semipermanent bond, which is the cost of debt, 10. 63%. Thus the present value of tax shield from 1988 to 1993 is 31. 91. We assume perpetual debt from the year 1994, and the same growth rate, which is 2. 3%. Exhibit 4 shows the processing of calculating tax shields.The FCF is presented in Exhibit 5. predisposition Analysis for BW/IP is presented in Exhibit 6 2? We favor the proposed skill of UCP. The primary sources of value in the transaction embarrass * Low capital or cash requirement UCP is a piffling firm, which would require additional borrowing by BW/IP of sole(prenominal) 13 million. * Synergy and efficient gains. UCPs yield line complemented BW/IPs extremely well because UCPs most dinky feature was its installed base in the petroleum industry and together they would guard the largest installed base in the petroleum segment. Improved management Takeover can improve management because interest and principal payments can force management to improve performanc e and operating efficiency. The proposed price is reasonable, because it is higher than the levered value of the project, which is 48. 17. regularity APV VL=VU+PV (ITS). Assumption Tax rate Tax rate=38%, which is the same as the tax rate for BWIP. Growth rate We use the second-rate annually growth rate from 1991 to 1993 as ourgrowth rate,which is 6%. Discount rate We use the ten years treasury yields, ending at 1988 as the risk free rate, which is 9. 4%. Exhibit 7 shows the calculation of Vu Exhibit 8 shows the calculation of PV(ITS) sensitivity Analysis for UCP/IP is presented in Exhibit 6 3. How do the various features of the BW/IP buyout regard the troupesdecisions about long-horizon opportunities much(prenominal) as the UCP acquisition? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the 1987 buyout, viewed as afinancial computer programme? After the buyout, BW/IP became a privately owned society which was less dependent from Borg-Warner Corporation than before in decision ma king.For the opportunities that the managers favored, such as the UCP acquisition, the caller had more chance to carry on the deal. However, for the case in which larger amount of financing is necessitate, the company may not be competitive enough without Borg-Warners financial support. The buyout could generateda better and a more efficient management, by changing the corporate structure (including modifying and renew executive and management staff, unnecessary company sectors, and excessive expenditures), BW/IP can revitalize itself and earn substantial returns.However, since the 1987 buyout is highly leveraged, the new company has a high debt-to-equity ratio, which means the company needs to achieve required return to pay the cost of debt or faced the chance of bankruptcy. Besides, the leveraged buyout is withal considered to be a uncollectible project, which may be easily affected by economics environment. The chance of success tends to be larger nether steadily growing ec onomy, while smaller in recession periods. 4. As one of BW/IPs bankers, would you approve the companys request for a waiver of covenants and financing of the UCP acquisition?Yes. A banker will not approve to finance a project unless he has confidence in the profitability of the project and in that he can get his money back. The projected NPV of the UPC deal is 48. 17 million dollars, which is far big than the offer 18. 5 million dollars. To analyze this qualitatively, the expected success of the UCP acquisition comes from several aspects. Undeniably, the economic and industrial forecast is against financing a risky project . However, the deal will generate positive synergies since UCPs product line complemented BW/IPs extremely well.BW/IP will raise its competence in both original equipment and aftermarket sector domestically as well as internationally after acquiring UPC. Besides, as mentioned in the case, the good credibility of Mr. Valli and his team and that C&Ds principals we re experienced and respected in the financial community will affect bankers attitude. Exhibit 1 Tax rate 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 EBT -9. 56 -0. 001 8. 91 12. 95 17. 31 19. 49 23. 57 Income tax 2. 8 0 0 3. 61 6. 58 7. 41 8. 96 Tax rate -29% 0% 0% 28% 38% 38% 38% Exhibit 2 Change in NWC AR 58. 68 53. 1 51. 69 55. 08 59. 11 63. 6 67. 91 72. 54 INV 58. 5 58. 39 60. 72 64. 66 69. 57 75. 46 80. 29 85. 53 Other current asset 3. 91 3. 49 4. 42 4. 7 4. 99 5. 31 5. 64 5. 99 AP 15. 78 18. 12 19. 73 20. 94 22. 32 23. 78 25. 19 26. 69 Other current liabilities 14. 92 17. 29 15. 19 16. 12 17. 1 18. 23 19. 36 20. 56 NWC 90. 39 79. 57 81. 91 87. 38 94. 25 102. 32 109. 29 116. 81 Change in NWC -10. 82 2. 34 5. 47 6. 87 8. 07 6. 97 7. 52 Exhibit 3 Cost of capital Cost of capital 17. 5% CAPM Rf 8. 79% Exhibit 7 ?a 1 signature Market return 12. 79% S&P 500 index in 1980s Risk premium 4. 00% Exhibit 4 engage tax shield 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Total interest paid 0. 63 1. 75 1. 66 1. 51 1. 4 1. 22 ITS tax emailprotected% 0. 24 0. 67 0. 63 0. 57 0. 53 0. 46 Cost of debt 10. 63% PV (ITS) 1988-1993 31. 91 PV (Terminal value) 37. 1 Total PV (ITS) 69. 00 Exhibit 5 Free cash flow 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 FCF 39. 37 26. 8 24. 62 24. 11 24. 57 24. 72 25. 8 Growth rate 2. 3% Terminal Value 270 VU 232. 89 PV (ITS) 69 VL 301. 89 Exhibit 6 Sensitivity analysis for BW/IP * Buyout * NPV * % change of NPV * Growth rate * 0. 00% * 32. * -47. 91% * 2. 30% * 62. 39 * 0. 00% * 4. 60% * 109. 5 * 75. 51% * Discount rate * 10. 79% * 81. 5 * 32. 52% * 12. 79% * 61. 5 * 0. 00% * 14. 79% * 44. 5 * -27. 64% * Cost of debt * 9. 63% * 64. 5 * 4. 88% * 10. 63% * 61. 5 * 0. 00% * 11. 63% * 59. 5 * -3. 25% Exhibit 7The calculation of Vu 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 EBIT -1. 15 2. 59 3. 29 3. 96 4. 34 4. 74 Income tax -0. 44 0. 98 1. 25 1. 50 1. 65 1. 80 NI -0. 71 1. 61 2. 04 2. 46 2. 69 2. 94 FCF Depreciation 0. 48 0. 6 0. 99 0. 90 0. 84 0. 84 Change in N WC Change in AR 1. 13 -0. 15 -0. 22 -0. 20 -0. 13 -0. 14 Change in inventory -0. 36 0. 68 -0. 21 -0. 18 -0. 12 -0. 13 Change in other asset 1. 73 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 Change in current liability 0. 27 0. 18 -0. 01 -0. 35 -0. 04 -0. 04 Change in NWC 2. 23 0. 35 -0. 42 -0. 03 -0. 21 -0. 23 Capital expenditure 0. 18 1. 20 0. 40 0. 40 0. 40 0. 40 FCF -2. 64 1. 02 3. 05 2. 99 3. 34 3. 61 Growth rate -2% 12% 8% Average growth rate 6% Terminal value 53. 15 FCF -2. 64 1. 02 3. 05 2. 99 56. 9 VU 40. 28 Exhibit 8The calculation of PV(ITS) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Interest 0. 63 1. 75 1. 66 1. 51 1. 40 1. 22 ITS tax emailprotected% 0. 24 0. 67 0. 63 0. 57 0. 53 0. 46 Terminal value 2. 18 10. 01 PV (ITS) 7. 97 Exhibit 9 Sensitivity analysis for UCP/IP UCP NPV % Change of NPV Growth rate 0. 00% 14. 35 -51. 76% 6. 00% 29. 75 0. 00% 12. 00% 278. 5 836. 13% Discount rate 10. 79% 46. 5 57. 63% 12. 79% 29. 5 0. 00% 14. 79% 20. 21 -31. 49% cost of debt 9. 63% 30. 5 3. 39% 10. 63% 29. 5 0. 00% 11. 63% 27. 5 -6. 78%

Having Our Say Essay

Sarah and Bessie Delany were extraordinary women. They were very intelligent, kind, yet feisty women. Sarah and Bessie Delany were very close sisters and lived to be nonpareil hundred and four and one hundred and nine old age of age. The Delany sisters were able to live long because of the way they lived their sustenance. Over all these deuce women lived a good life and had deuce loving, caring, and wise p arnts to help who they cause become in our American history, except life for The Delany sisters was not ever so easy they faced umteen unvoicedships to pay back the respect they do today.In the book Having Our Say The Delany Sisters First 100 Years The Delany sisters faced many challenges because they were shelter, educated and corrosive African American females. The Delany sisters grew up at apotheosis Augustines school in Raleigh, NC. The Delany family was a very religious family and tried to follow all the rules to living a good sinful life (56, 57). world in their early twenties the Delany sisters world only exist of revere Augs college and downtown Raleigh. They only have visited two places Yak, Virginia and Fernandina, Florida (115). total heat Delany the sisters father was the first elected African American bishop of the Episcopal churches (3). accordingly the Delany children were look heightsly upon and the Delany sisters were very sheltered growing up. Bessie talked about how sheltered and clueless she and Sadie were when she made the statement, Our childhood social classs were so protected, we didnt have but the vaguest notion of what sex. We had a neighbor who tell to us once, You girls are so green, its no wonder those cows dont mistake you for grass and gobble you up. (84).The Delany sisters didnt live like general kids. They help raise their seven younger brother and sisters, and wasnt loud to go anywhere off Saint Augs campus without supervision. Living in the city of Raleigh when the Delany sisters became young women in t heir mid twenties they finally moved to New York after visiting a few time. The two sisters were afraid and didnt know how to talk to men without feeling uneasy they were very educated and disciplined, but when it came to having streets smarts they lack a plenty of that (111).Sadie had one guy friend name frank who took liking to her and her father was not very fond of him and forbidden Sadie from studying him again. Bessie said I conjecture Lemuel and Papa thought they were doing the right thing by Sadie, forbidding her to see frank anymore, but I dont think was right. She was a grown woman. She should have had a say (121). The Delany sisters turned out fine, but if they werent so sheltered life could have gone a little smoother for them.In the early 1900s it was very idealistic for any African Americans to have any education beyond high school. All the Delany children went to college and got the education. Sadie Delany graduated from Saint Aug in 1910 and in the same year go t her first teaching job working for Wake County public schools in North Carolina (112,113). A few years later Bessie graduated from Saint Augs and got a job on the button like her sister in Boardman, NC. In 1913 Bessie went to Brunswick, GA to teach at an Episcopal school for African American children (130).In 1915 the Delany sisters took their first trip to New York City and savage in love with the big city (139). The Delany sisters moved at that place in to further there education. Sadie faced problems when she started school in New York. Sadie said I had a difficult time at first, because I really had to scramble in courses like inter soulal chemistry. That was a problem for a lot of colored students. Often, our early training was not as good as the white students because colored schools had no money. (149) Many whites labeled blacks as shadowy.Sadie didnt get a grade that she deserved in her chemistry class, and the teacher was discriminating against her. The Delany sisters had to prove that they were capable of learning and succeeding just as much as white people were, and it was already hard for them because they were black, but being a black female made it or so impossible to be taken seriously. Being a black person in America was hard living and worse being black and living in the south than anywhere else especially after the Jim vaporing laws were passed.The Delany sisters took trips often to the drug store Bessie said I was not a crying child, except when it came to being treated badly because of my race, like when they wouldnt serve us at the drug store counter (105). Being a black female back in that time they true worse disdains than just being a black male. But if there were blacks that were lighter shinny they were treated somewhat recrudesce because they were close to look white. Bessie said To be lighter-skinned was more desirable If you were very dark skinned you were looked down upon.We saw in our own family that people treated t he lighter-skinned children better. (106) Throughout the Delany sisters life they have had to go through the constant disrespect of race and discrimination. Having gone what the Delany sister went through they became wonderful, courageous, educated women. All the grapple they went through made them stronger and how they lived their life helped them live for as long as they did to tell their life obstacles and achievements.

Festivals of India Essay

The pass mentions the conclusion of the 29 or 30 days of dawn-to-sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan. The day of Eid, therefore, travel on the first day of the month of Shawwal. saviourmas (Old English Cristesm? sse, meaning deliverymans Mass) is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ and a widely observedholiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical yr, it closes the Advent season and initiates the twelve days of Christmastide, which ends after the duodecimal night.Christmas is a civil holiday in many of the worlds nations, is celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians, and is an integral part of the Christmas and holiday season. Makar Sankranti is one of the most auspicious occasions for the Hindus, and is celebrated in some all parts of India in a myriad of cultural forms, with heavy(p) devotion, fervour, and gaiety. It is a harvest festival. Makar Sank ranti is perhaps the only Indian festival whose engagement always falls on the same day every year 14 January, with some exceptions, when the festival is celebrated on 13 January or 15 January.Makar Sankranti is also believed to mark the arrival of spring in India. The Dasara festivi quarters began with the Vijayanagar kings as early as the 15th Century. A Persian ambassador, Abdur Razzaq, reported the Dasara reflexion (originally Mahanavami) in Vijayanagara during his mission to India in his book entitled Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain (The get on of the Two auspicious constellations and the Confluence of the Two Oceans), a major reach which contained an overview of the history of this part of the world from 1304 to 1470.After the fall of the Vijayanagar kingdom, the Wodeyars of Mysore continued the Dasara Festival, ab initio by Raja Wodeyar I (1578-1617 CE) in the year 1610 atSrirangapatna. The Mysore Palace is well-lighted on all the 10 days of Dasara. The word Navarat ri literally agent nine nights in Sanskrit, nava meaning nine and ratri meaning nights. During these nine ights and ten-spot days, nine forms of Shakti/Devi are worshiped. The tenth day is commonly referred to as Vijayadashami or Dussehra. Navratri is a very important and major festival in the western states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka during which the traditional dance of Gujarat called Garba is widely performed. This festival is celebrated with great earnestness in North India as well, including Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and the northern state of Punjab.Rakhi is a festival that is dedicated entirely to celebrate and appreciate the love and affectionateness that exist between a beautiful relationship between a brother and a sister. There are so many festivals in India but Rakhi is one that everyone across the country awaits for. On this day sisters tie a Rakhi which is a decorated thread on to their brothers hand and pray for their long life. Brothers, in turn, give their sisters gifts and vow that they provide protect and care for them. Thus all brothers and sisters across all the religions celebrate this day with great enthusiasm.

Li & Fung Case Study

Li & Fung is an export trading community from Southern china that was founded back in 1906 by Fung Pak-Liu and his partner Li To-Ming. Li & Fung grew from a traditional export trading company to global supply mountain chain management company it is today. later on on the passing of Liu, To-Ming decided to sell his shargons. After both graduating from Harvard, Fungs sons, passe-partout and William took over the company in 1974 and locomote it to Hong Kong. The Fung brothers were both highly intelligent individuals.They used new ideas and innovation to round of drinks the company into a more professionally managed firm that went public in 1992 (MacFarlan, 2005). Li & Fung manages the global supply chain for high volume and snip sensitive consumer goods for large companies such as Bed, Bath & Beyond, Avon, The Limited and Warner Brothers (MacFarlan, 2005). The company operates in 40 economies and employs over 20,000 people worldwide (MacFarlan, 2005). I bet part of the success of the company was that the brothers worked so well together.They each had their cause strengths. While Victor was more of the strategic thinker and thought long-term, William pore on the operations and making money. As the chief operating officer of the Groups e-commerce stated a combination of both thought leadership and execution, with the funny relationship between Victor and William cementing the entire organization Although the company was beam out with different offices around the world they provided a centralized IT, pecuniary and administrative support out of their Hong Kong office.However they had a decentralized bodied structure so that they were easily able to keep up with the up and coming fashions because as we k directly the styles are constantly changing. Li & Fung in any case had a very competitive compensation package and had bonuses that were based on profits which was different than other companies that had more restrictions. Along with the internet revo lution, Victor and William were quick to understand and adapt to the changes brought on by new technology. By 2000 the company lacked to extend its supply chain via the Internet.Prior to this the exactly occasion that was done was through an internal Intranet. This did expedite the rigs but and with the manufacturing plants since they were able to track their orders. It also helped increase the speed of the orders because they did not motivation to send someone a sample to inspect via regular mail. They were now able to view the item online and approve it. Two years later they launched extranet sites so they were linked to their key customers and were personalized to meet the customers needs.This helped streamline all communications since their customers were able to track the progress of their orders. The completely issue was all of the software development was outsourced and was not handled by Li & Fungs employees. Management was aware of the success the extranets were hav ing and finally started to consider flavor at their online options. When looking at their options they wanted to make sure that they were doing it from at heart the company and not outsourcing. Michael Hsieh, president of LF International Inc. had met with John Suh, CEO of castle Group which was an Internet start-up company.Suh was someone that Li & Fung needed in order to successfully start up their online side of the business. The confusing part with this is it was waiver against what Li & Fung had said most not outsourcing and keeping it within the company. They irritate up working with the Castling Group and bringing them on gameboard as part of their management aggroup. John Suh stepped down as CEO of Castling and became CEO of lifung. com (MacFarlan, 2005). All in all they hired about 20% of Castling Group employees so it was not as corky as it first seemed.The good thing with hiring this outside company is the fancy that they bring to the table. Since it was a new t eam they focused on team building to build the trust within the team especially with how fast they needed this draw to move. This helped the employees work well together to get this project done. I feel that what helped them move along was the trust they had with the companies they were already transaction with because they had proved to them that they were more than capable and also focused on appreciate and loyalty.The company put their customers first. They still believed in the old-economy know how. Another thing that do them stand above some of the others is when Li & Fung started to focus on the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This was decided after they did some market research. These smaller companies want the same options as the larger companies when ordering their products. Lifung. com allowed the smaller companies to at to the lowest degree get some options for customization unlike other online companies.Usually the smaller companies are not able to compete because they do not have the options to sew their product as much. By lifung. com being flexible and innovative it allowed them to consider even more businesses. In addition to focusing on SMEs, Li & Fung should focus on acquiring or merging with competing firms. The company should search to get into markets in developing countries such as India. It would also be beneficial for the company to try to break through into new products that are complementary to clothing such as footwear.Overall, the company been successful with its online company. They made the customization options easy for the customers. The customers were able to complete their orders twenty-four hours a day and 7 days a week. We all know how important it is for customers to have the tract major power and easy access to the internet as well as the ability to have access to orders at their convenience. Throughout its growth, the company stayed focused on the understanding of information systems and technology whi ch enabled them to stay ahead of their competition.

Jewish resistance through music during the holocaust Essay

The final solution refers to the grim period of charitable history when ab bulge out six meg Jews and millions of other(a) groups such as Soviets, Romani, and Poles in Europe were murdered systematically by national socialist Germans. The genocide was Ger somes final solution to the Judaic question which is what to do with the be given of people who supposedly ca commitd all the ills of Germany. Men, women, children, and the aged were murdered using gas chambers in extermination camps in Auschwitz and other places. Jews however, did non easily succumb to the force upon them.They resisted by means of several(a) ways, such as extermination camp breakouts and art. Jewish euphony stands out among all forms of vindication against the barbaric brutality of national socialist Germany during the final solution. Music served ii main purposes for Jews during the period of mass exterminations. On the integrity hand, Jewish songs in the ghettos and elsewhere take outed their angu ish and agony. Words were simply not comely to describe the pain, fear and darkness all around them. On the other hand though, medicinal drug also uplifted the spirits of Jews.When the Nazis were trying to withdraw away their humanity, the Jews affirmed it through optimistic medication. In a way, medication became life itself for Jews and other oppressed groups. Like other forms of art, music has the qualification to evoke images and feelings in the listeners minds. For this reason, music was a convenient way to run the shared directiments of Jews being murdered. Much of Jewish music ran counter to Nazi culture as Nazis viewed many modern forms of art, including jazz, as degenerate.Nazis forced Jews in concentration camps to make music for them, blush commanding them to form orchestras for their entertainment. Jews keep to make music in the ghettos, however. They held concerts, staged operas, and performed many tuneful flora to distil their tube against the Nazis and t he sadness of their fate. During the German occupation, the music that surrounded Jews was not restricted to Wagnerian types which influenced Adolf Hitler. Nazis were quick to suppress classical works by Mahler and Mendelssohn because they were Jewish.In 1933, when Nazis started to take reason, the Reich Music Office dismissed professional musicians of Jewish origins. arse Felstiner, professor of Jewish studies and English at Stanford University, considers Jewish music at the time of the Holocaust as a type of resistance tied(p) though it is not done physically, such as ghetto uprisings. Jews performed and apprehended their take music at their alive(p)s risk. Felstiner felt that the music that emerged was accordingly free and seemed to have a different feel than poems and diary entries. antithetic kinds of music resulted from the dangerous situations Jews produced these forms of art. Examples of these are Handels Judas Maccabeus, Verdis Requiem, bitter songs in the ghettos, an d humorous satires composed of old tunes and new lyrics. A friend of his in Auschwitz composed a song with her friends in Hungrian set to the tune of Hatikvah, Israels national anthem. Felstiner thought that the song sustained his friend during her stay in the concentration camp.The Gestapo, the secret police of Nazi Germany, turned Terezin, a townspeople in the Czech Republic, into a ghetto for Jews coming from Czechoslovakia, Germany, Denmark, Austria, and the Netherlands. While the place wasnt an extermination camp, thousands of Jews still died there because of appalling conditions. During this period, a Czech Jewish composer by the name of Gideon Klein intensified his activity when he was sent to the town. He ran numerous classes for children, unionized and performed concerts, and composed music Jewish music.According to Felstiner, one of Kleins listeners remembered him playing so beautifully that they couldnt help unless let tears stream down their cheeks. At another event, Kl ein organized a very simple attic concert with three chairs for the depict trio. Despite the simplicity of the concert however, the audience was very still bit listening to the music. People guarded the steps into the attic and someone kept lookout from the window. Kleins listener described these musical murders as unearthly nourishment and thought they made them forget their misery and hunger and dour for more performances.For Klein and other artists however, concerts like this are an act of rebellion against the Nazi Germans. Gideon Klein was very influential to ghetto residents during his stay in Terezin. As evidence, a teenager wrote a striking poem about him entitled Concert in the Old School Garret depicting his ardent desire to express resistance through his music. Kleins wonderful largo was formed through the variations of his favorite Moravian folk song her nanny sing to him when he was young. He was not able to perform the song himself in Terezin however, although the score survived. lodge days after he composed the song in kinsfolk 1944, he was sent to the concentration camp at Auschwitz. According to drawings of Charlotte Buresova and Petr Kien, opthalmic artists at Terezin during the same period of time, Kleins face showed clear resistance against the brutal Final Solution of Nazis. Holocaust songs are different from mine run forms of communication produced during the period because they elevated speech to transcendent levels. Songs written and sang by Jews contained the culture that defined their oppressed communities.Human values grass be expressed in the abstract through music. Thus, in an inhuman environment such as the Nazi Germans constructed for Jews and other oppressed groups, telling their own songs was equivalent to crying for recognition as fellow human beings. Songs have a humanizing gist on singers and listeners. Survivors of the Holocaust consider this effect the essential value of singing Jewish songs. Singing at this time was therefore an act of creation and was very important amidst the horrible conditions of ghetto life.Jews maintain their freedom and human life by singing their own songs in the ghetto, which clearly makes the activity an act of resistance against the systematic dehumanization of their race by the oppressors. Ghetto songs symbolized the struggle for survival of Jews. They were the musical representations of life surviving on a lower floor the harshest of conditions, and not death. For survivors of the mass exterminations and forced labor, Jewish music was beyond mine run language. It represented the only truth of their life in the ghettos and told the story of their vast and hard spiritual resistance.Nazis though, was also aware of the power of music in defining whats culturally right or reasonable. As curtly as the Nazis took power, they limited the activity of Jewish musicians and aired their propaganda through their own songs. Music was used to establish an atmosphere which permitted mass murder since it was seen as a patriotic duty and its victims were subhuman. Nazi music proliferated the streets and the radio waves and even made its way into concentration camps. Initially during the Holocaust, at the arrival depots for captured Jews, they were questioned regarding their musical abilities.People were sorted out into those who could sing or play music and those who couldnt. Those who could were commanded to perform propaganda music for Nazis before they were sent away to be gassed, incinerated, or tortured. At Auschwitz, the largest extermination camp in history, an all-female orchestra was formed for the entertainment of Nazis. Members of the orchestra were continuously replaced because the women regularly died of starvation, disease or were murdered. At Terezin, before Nazis completely sent the ghetto residents to the extermination camps, Jews continued to produce their music for the people.Ordinary people and artists defied the regime by s inging their songs and make their music. They also gathered cogency to live for another day by immersing themselves in the operas and concerts that organizers arranged. Josef Bor, a Czechoslovakian Jew, who was incarcerate with his family at Terezin remembered how his fellow Jews proudly sang to their deaths in the face of Nazis. In a concentration camp, inmates sang Verdis Requiem passionately in front of SS troops and Adolf Eichmann, the supposed architect of the Holocaust.Eichmann was amused by the performance of the Jews, but the inmates themselves were beyond Eichmanns twisted humor. According to Bor, the inmates found pouch from exhaustion, terror, and provocation through the power of music. At their performance, the inmates sang with all their strength the words Free me, God, from eternal death in the faces of their murderers. Many musical works have been recovered since the end of World War II. scores from musicians such as Gideon Klein, Pavel Haar, Hans Krasa, and Vikto r Ullman were discovered by researchers.These musicians had noteworthy musical careers even before the Nazis took power and they continued to make music later to express resistance. Ullman was a pupil of Arnold Schoenberg, the famous Austrian composer. Two operas are in particular significant in defining this period of time Brundibar by Hans Krasa and Adolf Hoffmeister and Der Kaiser von Atlantis, oder unaccompanied dank tab (The emperor of Atlantis or death abdicates) by Ullman and dig Kien. All of these talented musicians perished in the extermination camp at Auschwitz in 1944.Their works have since been performed in Israel, the United States, England, Czechoslovakia, and Holland. Other vocal and slavish selections were also gathered from manuscripts found at the camp in Terezin, many of them written anonymously. Holocaust memorials and Israeli libraries have many of these creations, especially of notable of musicians such as Ilse Weber. Weber was an educator and singer who c omposed and sang songs to children while she was at Terezin. Unfortunately, Weber along with other Jews, were also transported to Auschwitz and gassed.Today, Holocaust commemorations usually include music produced depicting the struggle for survival of Jews at the time. Examples of this type of music is Max Bruchs Kol Nidre, an interpretation of a Jewish prayer that opens evening services on Yom Kippur, and Leonard Bernsteins Kaddish an interpretation of the Jewish prayer for the dead. Other pieces worth considering are Steve Reichs music in Different Trains, Henryk Goreckis Third Symphony, Dmitry Shostakovichs Thirteenth Symphony, and Arnold Schoenbergs A Survivor from Warsaw. Music, the universal language of human beings, is indeed a virile tool of resistance. Through its ability to express the humanity of performers, singers, and listeners, Jews made use of music to highlight the inhuman Nazi force that oppressed them. As long as they could make their own music which reflected t heir culture, suffering, and hopes, Jews refused to be the subhuman creatures which their oppressors wanted them to be. While music will never be a physical form of resistance against unjust forces in society, its unique power to condition the minds of people will always be as hefty as ever.Music contains the truth of the lives people live and is therefore a slap on the face of forces that seek to erase peoples humanity. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Ronald J. Fathoming the Holocaust a social problems approach. Piscataway Aldine Transaction, 2002. Flam, Gila. Singing for Survival Songs of the Lodz Ghetto, 1940-45. Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois Press, 1992. Gilbert, Shirli. Music in the Holocaust Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005.Heskes, Irene. Passport to Jewish music its history, traditions, and culture. Abingdon Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. Roth, John K. Holocaust Politics. Dallas Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Rubenste in, Richard L. and John K. Roth, Approaches to Auschwitz the Holocaust and its legacy. Dallas Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. Signer, Michael Alan. Humanity at the limit the impact of the Holocaust experience on Jews and Christians. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2000.

Analysis on Two ways of seeing a river by Mark twain

Now when I had maste rosy the language of this water and had discern to know every trifling feature that bordered the great river as familiarly as I k impertinent the letters of the alphabet, I had made a valuable acquisition. But I had lost something, too. I had lost something which could neer be restored to me while I lived. All the grace, the beauty, the poetry had bygone taboo of the majestic river I still keep in mind a certain wonderful sunset which I witnessed when steamboating was new to me.A all-inclusive expanse of the river was turned to blood in the middle distance the red hue brightened into gold, through which a solitary log came floating, black and featured in one place a long, slanting home run post sparkling upon the water in another the surface was broken by boiling, tumbling rings, that were as many-tinted as an opal where the ruddy flush was faintest, was a melted spot that was covered with graceful circles and radiating lines, ever so finely traced the shore on our left was densely wooded, and the sombre shadow that ferocious from this afforest was broken in one place by a long, ruffled trail that shone want silver and high above the forest wall a clean-stemmed dead tree waved a single leather-leafed bough that glowed like a flame in the unobstructed splendor that was flow from the sun.There were graceful curves, reflected images, woody heights, soft distances and over the whole scene, removed and near, the dissolving lights drifted steadily, enriching it, every passing moment, with new marvels of coloring. 2 I stood like one bewitched. I drank it in, in a speechless rapture. The world was new to me, and I had never seen anything like this at home. But as I have said, a day came when I began to cease from noting the glories and the charms which the moon and the sun and the twilight wrought upon the rivers face another day came when I ceased on the whole to note them.Then, if that sunset scene had been repeated, I should hav e looked upon it without rapture, and should have commented upon it, inwardly, in this fashion This sun means that we atomic number 18 freeing to have curve to-morrow that floating log means that the river is rising, small thanks to it that slanting mark on the water refers to a bluff reef which is going to eliminate somebodys steamboat one of these nights, if it keeps on stretching out like that those tumbling boils turn out a dissolving bar and a changing channel in that location the lines and circles in the slick water over yonder are a warning that that troublesome place is shoaling up dangerously that silver tally in the shadow of the forest is the break from a new snag, and he has determined himself in the very best place he could have ensnare to fish for steamboats that tall dead tree, with a single living branch, is not going to last long, and then how is a body ever going to get through this blind place at night without the brotherly old landmark? 3 No, the roman ce and the beauty were all gone from the river.All the value any feature of it had for me now was the amount of expediency it could furnish toward compassing the safe piloting of a steamboat. Since those days, I have pitied fastens from my heart. What does the lovable flush in a beautys cheek mean to a doctor but a break that ripples above some deadly infirmity? Are not all her visible charms sown thick with what are to him the signs and symbols of hidden decay? Does he ever see her beauty at all, or doesnt he simply view her professionally, and comment upon her unwholesome ensure all to himself? And doesnt he sometimes wonder whether he has gained most or lost most by learning his trade?